2020. 1. 25. 12:33ㆍ카테고리 없음
This post is by DrJanene Carey, a freelance writer and editor based in Armidale NSW. She occasionally teaches academic writing at the University of New England and often edits academic theses, articles and reports. Her website is Arguably, this question is a classic time waster and the student who poses it should be told to just get on with writing up their research. But as someone who edits theses for a living, I think a bit of time spent on fonts is part of the process of buffing and polishing what is, after all, one of the most important documents you will ever produce. Just bear in mind that there is no need to immerse yourself so deeply in the topic that you start quibbling about whether it’s. Times New Roman is the standard choice for academic documents, and the thesis preparation guidelines of some universities stipulate its use. For many years, it was the default body text for Microsoft Word.
This article is not a guide on how to write a thesis but explains how to rightly use. In order to follow this article, the reader should already know the basics of. Based on Java VM, it is available for all platforms (Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. If, on the other hand, you're writing a quantitative dissertation, you will focus this chapter on the research questions and hypotheses, information about the population and sample, instrumentation, collection of data, and analysis of data.
With the release of Office 2007, the default became a sans serif typeface called Calibri. Lacking the little projecting bits (serifs) at the end of characters makes Calibri and its many friends, such as Arial, Helvetica and Verdana, look smoother and clearer on a screen, but. The other problem with choosing a sans serif for your body text is that if you want passages in italics (for example, lengthy participant quotes) often this will be displayed as slanted letters, rather than as a true italic font. You would like your examiners to feel as comfortable as possible while their eyes are traversing the many, many pages of your thesis, so maximising is a good idea.
Times New Roman is ubiquitous and familiar, which means it is probably the safest option, but it does have a couple of drawbacks. Originally designed for The Times in London, its characters are slightly narrowed, so that more of them can be squished into a newspaper column. Secondly, some people intensely dislike TNR because they think it has been overused,. If you do have the luxury of choice (your university doesn’t insist you use Times New Roman, and you have defined document styles that are easy to modify, and there’s enough time left before the submission deadline) then I think it is worth considering what other typefaces might work well with your thesis. I’m not a typographical expert, but I have the following suggestions. Don’t use Calibri, or any other sans serif font, for your body text, though it is fine for headings.
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Most people agree that dense chunks of printed text are easier to read if the font is serif, and examiners are likely to expect a typeface that doesn’t stray too far from the standard. To my eye, Calibri looks a little too casual for the body of a thesis. Typefaces like Garamond, Palatino, Century Schoolbook, Georgia, Minion Pro, Cambria and Constantia are all perfectly acceptable, and they come with Microsoft Word. However, some of them (Georgia and Constantia, for example) feature non-lining numerals, which means that instead of all sitting neatly on the base line, some will stand higher or lower than others, just like letters do. This looks nice when they are integrated with the text, but it is probably not what you want for a tabular display. Consider using a different typeface for your headings. It will make them more prominent, which enhances overall readability because the eye scanning the pages can quickly take in the hierarchy of ideas.
The easiest way to get a good contrast with your serif body text is to have sans serif headings. Popular combinations are Garamond/Helvetica; Minion Pro/Myriad Pro; Times New Roman/Arial Narrow.
But don’t create a dog’s breakfast by having more than two typefaces in your thesis – use point sizes, bold and italics for variety. Of late, I’ve become quite fond of Constantia. It’s an attractive serif typeface that came out with Office 2007 at the same time as Calibri, and was specifically designed to look good in print and on screen. Increasingly, theses will be read in PDF rather than book format, so screen readability is an important consideration.
Asked to prior to their release, typographer Raph Levien said Constantia was likely to be everyone’s favourite, because ‘Even though it’s a highly readable Roman font departing only slightly from the classical model, it still manages to be fresh and new.’ By default, Constantia has non-lining numerals, but from Word 2010 onwards you can set them to be lining via the advanced font/number forms option, either throughout your document or in specific sections, such as within tables. Here is an excerpt from a thesis, shown twice with different typefaces. The first excerpt features Calibri headings with Constantia body text, and the second has that old favourite, Times New Roman. As these examples have been rendered as screenshots, you will get a better idea of how the fonts actually look if you try them on your own computer and printer. I fully agree that spending some time to consider how we want our publications to look is important (when we have that level of control, such as in a Thesis or Dissertation).
Attractive layout and easy-to-read print will help the Reader engage with the text. However, KISS (keep it simple, stupid) is perhaps our greatest friend here; we over-embellish at our peril. Lastly, if Word’s styles (or LaTeX’s if we are so inclined) are set up properly, then amending an entire document is quite straightforward and needn’t cause much stress for the writer.
Happy writing! Some fonts don’t have the required character sets (or at least, there are only cut-down versions of those sets included in MSOffice) and so not all the diacritics are available. My university’s template is based on Garamond for body text but I have changed to Palatino in order to write one (prominent) author’s name correctly with a diacritic over the Z.
The alternative was to have every instance of the author’s name in TNR in the middle of Garamond text (no way!), or to omit the diacritic, which is effectively spelling it incorrectly. Thanks for this post, Janene. I think every PhD student goes through the font-procrastination phase, but for me this was an important moment of – as you say – polishing, and also of valuing the look and feel of my thesis document. I wrote about my font choice of Garamond here – – as well as my choice of paper for the final bound copies. For me Garamond was a more beautiful serif option than the ubiquitous and squishy TNR. It also made sense for the narrative approach of my thesis, as it was reminiscent of storybooks.
There is some good advice here, but also a few prejudices receiving confirmation. To begin with, “Most people agree that dense chunks of printed text are easier to read if the font is serif”. No one has been able to demonstrate a definitive relation between reading speeds and serifs – in general. In principle it is an aesthetic question, but of course we don’t approach this question unbiased. My private theory is that the omnipresence of sans serif body texts in many (dull) academic textbooks, has prejudiced us against their use.
It isn’t that serifs are easier to read, it’s just that we approach sans serif texts from a more negative angle to begin with. One needs to be practical, however. Most academics in my experience have a conservative attitude to type (this post is a good example), so why irritate them by setting your thesis in Comic Sans? There is a typographer’s motto which says that when the typography is the first thing that you think about (be it negative.or. positive) when opening a book, you’ve done something wrong. It should support the text, be subservient to it, not jump out.
Because when reading texts, type is far less important than.typography., and the choice for serif or sans serif in general is less important than the choice for a.good. serif or sans serif font.
Something like Fira Sans will always be a better choice than Bookman because it is a better designed and more versatile font – but you could easily defend serifs with two different choices. Also, adapt your layout (if you have that option) to the type you’ve chosen. If you insist on using Bookman, make sure to use enough whitespace so it doesn’t end up as a nightmare of mingling strokes. But most importantly: suit your typeface to the task it is supposed to perform.
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Constantia is a fine choice in principle, but not so much if you have a lot of alternating italic and regular text, because the contrast between regular and italic is insufficient in that case. And it’s OK to alternate serifs for headers and sans serif for text, so long as your text contains longish passages of body text. If you have a new header (or several) on each page, you may want to used variations (Bold, caps, etc.) of the same typeface throughout your text to bring some peace to the page. Had hoped for humourous response. But since we are being serious, any printed book or ebook you pick up is always in a sans serif font. As far as legibility is concerned, in the days before typewritten school/ uni assignments were submitted in handwriting, I was always instructed to submit in printed form, ergo, sans serif, not in ‘running writing’.
The font question needs to be resolved by the examining institutions whom should stipulate their preferred font and negate this confusion for students. Thanks for this article – the timing is perfect for me as I am writing my 5th chapter and realised too late that I should have had a set template before I started writing! I like the suggestion re Constantia and have just started using it, including adjusting the numerals to be lining (thank you Google). I am now cobbling together my style template but would really welcome suggestions for a MS Word template for a humanities PhD thesis that actually looks clean and has all the functionality needed. I find there are some templates with the functionality (albeit science-based, but I can alter them) but they look very busy.
Grateful for some advice. If you’ve already started cobbling, I would go with what you have. You can keep it quite simple, just defining Heading 1, 2, 3 and maybe 4, a paragraph style, a style for indented quotes, a reference style. If you are comfortable with section breaks, headers and footers, setting up the front matter with the page numbers appearing correctly is not difficult.
Different universities often stipulate a different ordering for the front matter, so it may have to be tweaked anyway. The Table of Contents and Lists of Figures and Tables can all be automatically generated by Word. I struck a new and unexpected problem late yesterday when converting my thesis Word document into a PDF – font rendering in PDFs. For context, my uni requires thesis to be uploaded as PDFs, they are not printed and bound. My thesis was in Word, and used Times New Roman font. However any text in bold & italics rendered very differently depending on how I created the PDF, i.e.
Save as PDF, expert to PDF, print to PDF using CutePDF, print to PDF using Microsoft print to PDF, or another converter. A related problems is that fonts are not embedded in PDFs, they are embedded in the pdf reader. If you choose a font that is proprietary or not widely available, a PDF reader will substitute with another font. So you beautifully prepared thesis may not look the same depending on the PDF reader!! I’m now wondering if this is the reason a few uni’s limit font choices to Arial and Times New Roman. I am joining this conversation a little late, but I am a believer that for academic work to be noticed, or read, among thousands of other articles, it has to look good. That point aside, a well-formatted document with a good serif font looks more authoritative and should be a default for academic documents.
Many times over, I put off reading papers or theses that are relevant to my research because they look over-crowded (cough TNR), and figures are unprofessional or messy. Now an examiner is obligated to read a thesis, but you should do what you can to entice them to start reading sooner.
But ultimately, do it for you. It’s your PhD thesis, most likely the only one you’d have! Take inspiration the most reputable journals (nature, The New Yorker online) for what fonts to use and how to mix them (if you so wish). Disclaimer: it seems obvious but I do not suggest you spend time on this if you must adhere to fonts/templates of universities/journals.
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When formatting a document I like to think of the reader, and what I personally like to see as a one. Bright pages, clearly formatted text and figures, and a general harmony in the document. You can achieve all of these objectives with the right font (check the examples provided here, you will hopefully agree that constantia gives the page a `brighter’ look). I won’t bore you with my preferences of course, but for those looking for some guidance on typography and typefaces only need to type these words into their search engine. I would make some recommendations, however: check out google fonts, some of them are very good, and very widely used even if you don’t realise it. My favourite calibri alternative is lato, which is a great all rounder – for both text and headings.
Fontsgeek also has typefaces perfect for books, such as Garamond and Baskerville. Finally, a personal plea: try out something like latex for your thesis.
And if the text editor/compiler scares you, Lyx offers all the benefits of latex with a Microsoft Word-like user interface.
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